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Hashish entry is related to diminished charges of opioid use and abuse, opioid-related hospitalizations, opioid-related site visitors fatalities, opioid-related drug remedy admissions, and opioid-related overdose deaths

  • “Sufferers (n = 2,183) recruited from medical dispensaries throughout Florida accomplished a 66-item cross-sectional survey that included demographic, well being, and medicine utilization gadgets, together with gadgets from the Medical Outcomes Survey to evaluate well being functioning earlier than and after hashish initiation. … Nearly all of members (79%) reported both cessation or discount in ache remedy use following initiation of medical hashish.”
  • “Sufferers present process major THA (complete hip arthroplasty) or TKA (complete knee arthroplasty) with minimal 6-month follow-up who self-reported hashish use had been retrospectively reviewed. A complete of 210 sufferers (128 TKAs and 82 THAs) had been matched by age; gender; sort of arthroplasty. … Self-reported perioperative hashish use appeared to considerably cut back the variety of sufferers that persistently used opioids better than 90 days after TJA from 9.5% to 1.4%. … As hashish turns into extra broadly obtainable and affected person curiosity in its use for ache administration continues to extend, additional analysis with greater high quality, potential research are required to make clear its position in perioperative ache administration.”
  • “This research was a retrospective evaluation of sufferers who had been enrolled within the medical marijuana registry via the ambulatory palliative care division at Upstate Most cancers Middle. Information from June 2017 to June 2020 had been analyzed. Sufferers had been included if that they had a prognosis of most cancers, had been licensed by a professional practitioner within the New York Medical Marijuana Program, and obtained care at Upstate Medical College. … For sufferers who took a minimum of one dose of medical marijuana, 48.14 p.c skilled an enchancment in ache, 44.95 p.c used fewer opioids, and 85.11 p.c had an enchancment in a minimum of one symptom. Antagonistic results had been low at 3.72 p.c.”
  • “On this work, we adopted up prospectively and longitudinally on the effectiveness and security of MC remedy. Oncology sufferers reported on a number of signs earlier than and after MC remedy initiation at one-, three-, and 6-month follow-ups. … Of the sufferers within the cohort that reported totally on their analgesic drugs’ consumption at T0 and T6, 40% of those that had been utilizing analgesic drugs (over-the-counter, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, opioids, anticonvulsants, and antidepressants) at T0 had been not utilizing them.”
  • “In all, 178 sufferers with persistent ache had been handled for a interval of three hundred and sixty six days (median; vary 31-2590 days). Median age was 72 years (26-96 years). 115 sufferers (65%) with CAM [medical cannabinoids] additionally obtained opioids a median 65 mg/day morphine equivalents. This opioid dosage was considerably diminished in course of time by 24 mg/day morphine equivalents or 50%. This discount was impartial on CAM dosage, age and gender. Sufferers with persistent ache revenue from long-term CAM which safely and considerably decrease the consumption of co-medicated opioids, even at low dosages (< 7.5 mg/day). Older sufferers profit from CAM, and hostile results don’t restrict the (persistent) use and prescription of CAM within the aged.”
  • “The first goal of this research was to guage the results of long-term cannabis-based oil consumption on the distribution of sufferers with an opioid prescription, inside sufferers with a persistent ache situation. … Analyses by subgroups confirmed a statistically vital distinction within the proportion of feminine opioid non-users earlier than and after cannabis-based oil remedy (34.1% to 56.1%), in addition to within the proportion of under-65 years outdated opioid non-users earlier than and after cannabis-based oil remedy (32.5% to 55%), within the proportion of opioid non-users with non-severe comorbidity (33.3% to 54.2%), and … within the proportion of opioid non-users with a persistent ache situation (32.6% to 59.2%).”
  • “Forty sufferers with persistent OA ache had been licensed for MC. Common morphine milligram equivalents (MME) per day of opioid prescriptions crammed inside the six months previous to MC certification was in comparison with that of the six months after. … Common MME/day decreased from 18.2 to 9.8. The proportion of sufferers who dropped to 0 MME/day was 37.5%. VAS scores decreased considerably at three and 6 months, and International Bodily Well being rating elevated considerably by three months. … Our findings help the literature in that MC reduces the usage of opioids for the remedy of persistent ache.”
  • “On this research involving sufferers with persistent musculoskeletal noncancer again ache licensed for MC, opioid prescriptions crammed considerably decreased after MC [medicinal cannabis] certification. … [P]atients within the lower than 15 MME/day group had over a 35% likelihood of eliminating opioid use. … These opioid reductions had been additionally related to enhancements in ache scores and each day operate. Our findings help the speculation that the introduction of MC for persistent low again ache is related to a lower in opioid prescriptions crammed.”
  • “This research investigates a proposed medical context in providing medical hashish as a remedy for persistent ache for these already utilizing persistent opioid remedy. It then particulars sufferers’ each day morphine milligram equal (MME) utilization. … 100 and fifteen sufferers met the inclusion standards. … There was a 67.1% common lower in each day MME/affected person from 49.9 to 16.4 MME on the first follow-up. There was a 73.3% lower in MME at second follow-up from 49.9 to 13.3 MME. … After discussing the dangers, advantages, and potential uncomfortable side effects of persistent opioid remedy with the affected person, the authors of this research current medical hashish, used with the present research’s paradigm, as a doubtlessly efficient class of remedy for persistent ache.”
  • “On this research, we examined people who had been supplied with authorized; medical hashish certifications within the state of Delaware between June 2018 and October 2019 and had been concurrently being handled with opioid drugs for persistent ache at a non-public ache administration observe. … For non-outlier people with constructive baseline opioid use earlier than receiving medical marijuana certification (n=63), the common p.c change in opioid use was discovered to be -31.3 p.c. Analyzing subgroups primarily based upon ache location, people with low again ache (n=58) displayed a 29.4 p.c lower in MME [morphine milligram equivalent] items, whereas people with neck ache (n=27) had been noticed to have a 41.5 p.c lower in opioid use. Equally, people with knee ache (n=14) diminished their opioid use by 32.6 p.c. … For the reason that underlying pathology and their supply of ache within the people was unlikely to considerably change in the course of the interval examined, medical marijuana use might have performed a big position in permitting the people to lower their opioid use. … The outcomes of this research point out that medical marijuana certification is related to a lower in prescription opiate use for persistent ache remedy and helps better use of this adjunct remedy modality. Given the importance of opioid habit in American society, any remedy or further useful resource to cut back opioid overuse can assist within the multifactorial administration of persistent ache. Though marijuana use causes quite a lot of uncomfortable side effects, the findings right here recommend that the usage of medical hashish as an adjunct remedy for persistent ache could also be helpful to public well being.”
  • “A retrospective cohort research was performed utilizing the medical information of 68 Israeli sufferers with persistent ache utilizing MC [medical cannabis]. Variety of prescription drugs crammed and healthcare companies used had been recorded individually for the baseline interval (6 months previous to the beginning of MC remedy) and 6 months’ follow-up. … Sufferers crammed much less opioid prescription remedy at follow-up in contrast with baseline. … MC could also be associated to a big but small discount in opioid prescription remedy. Additional potential research with consultant samples are warranted to substantiate the potential small opioid-sparing results of MC remedy, its medical significance, if any, and potential lack of affiliation with different healthcare-related companies and medicine use.”

  • “The target of this research is to evaluate the impact of medical hashish authorization on opioid use (oral morphine equal; OME) between 2013 and 2018 in Alberta, Canada. … A complete of 5373 medical hashish sufferers had been matched to controls, who had been all persistent opioid customers. The change within the weekly common OME of opioid medication for medical hashish sufferers relative to controls was measured … in the course of the 26 weeks (6 months) earlier than and 52 weeks (1 12 months) after the authorization of medical hashish. … Amongst these prescribed excessive doses of opioids (OME > 100), there have been vital reductions in opioid consumption. … Total, our findings might contribute ongoing proof for clinicians relating to the potential impression of medical hashish to cut back the opioid burden amongst sufferers.”
  • “We investigated whether or not hashish utilization was related to diminished opioid utilization, and the charges of opioid and hashish use problems amongst persistent ache sufferers who had been prescribed medical hashish. … Of the 100 members aged 18-70 years, 76 ever used opioids. Of them, 93% decreased or stopped opioids following hashish initiation.”
  • “We quantified the affiliation between hashish use and nonfatal opioid overdose amongst people enrolled in methadone upkeep remedy (MMT) for opioid use dysfunction (OUD). … After imputing lacking knowledge and controlling for demographic and medical elements, the chance of self-reported nonfatal opioid overdose prior to now 12 months was 71% decrease amongst reporters of frequent hashish use prior to now month. Amongst people enrolled in MMT, frequent hashish use prior to now month was related to fewer self-reported nonfatal opioid overdoses prior to now 12 months.”
  • “We studied county stage associations between hashish storefront dispensaries and opioid associated mortality charges within the US between 2014 and 2018. Our research discovered that elevated medical and leisure storefront dispensary counts are related to diminished opioid associated mortality charges in the course of the research interval. These associations seem notably sturdy for deaths associated to artificial opioids resembling fentanyl. Given the alarming rise within the fentanyl primarily based market within the US, and the rise in deaths involving fentanyl and its analogs lately, the query of how authorized hashish availability pertains to opioid associated deaths is especially urgent. Total, our research contributes to understanding the provision facet of associated drug markets and the way it shapes opioid use and misuse.”
  • “Nationwide month-to-month claims knowledge for private and non-private payers had been obtained from January 2016 to June 2019. The medication evaluated consisted of morphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, oxycodone, tramadol, and the non-opioids gabapentin and pregabalin. All opioid volumes had been transformed to a imply morphine equal dose (MED)/declare, which is analogous to a prescription from a doctor. … Over the 42-month interval, the imply MED/declare declined inside public plans. Nevertheless, the decline in MED/declare was 5.4 occasions better within the interval following legalization (22.3 mg/declare submit vs. 4.1 mg/declare pre). Complete month-to-month opioid spending was additionally diminished to a better extent submit legalization ($Can267,000 vs. $Can95,000 monthly). … Our findings help the speculation that simpler entry to hashish for ache might cut back opioid use for each private and non-private drug plans.”
  • “This observational research enrolled sufferers between 8 September 2015 and 31 July 2018 from community-based hashish clinics in Ontario, Canada. … Of the 1,000 sufferers consented, 757 (76%) participated at a number of of the research time factors. At six and 12 months, 230 (30.4%) and 104 (13.7%) of members had been adopted up, respectively. … The proportion of people who reported utilizing opioids decreased by half, from 40.8% at baseline to 23.9% at 12 months. … On this cohort, ache depth and pain-related interference scores had been diminished and QoL and normal well being signs scores had been improved in contrast with baseline.”
  • “A 43-item survey exploring affected person expertise with medical hashish was administered to ladies with gynecologic malignancies who used medical hashish prescribed by a gynecologic oncologist. … Nearly all of sufferers in our research felt that medical hashish was equal or superior in efficacy to different drugs (e.g., opioids, antiemetics, anxiolytics, and sleep aids) in relieving their signs. … Of the subset of sufferers utilizing medical hashish for ache, 63 p.c reported a discount in opioid use. … These knowledge recommend medical hashish could also be an inexpensive different or adjunct to drugs continuously used for most cancers or treatment-related signs.”
  • “This text presents findings from a big potential examination of Canadian medical hashish sufferers, with a give attention to the impacts of hashish on prescription opioid use and high quality of life over a 6-month interval. … Baseline opioid use was reported by 28% of members, dropping to 11% at 6 months. Every day opioid use went from 152 mg morphine milligram equal (MME) at baseline to 32.2 mg MME at 6 months, a 78% discount in imply opioid dosage. … This research gives an individual-level perspective of hashish substitution for opioids and different prescribed drugs, in addition to related enchancment in high quality of life over 6 months.”
  • “We performed an internet comfort pattern survey of sufferers from three medical hashish observe websites who had reported utilizing opioids. … Total, 40.4% (n=204) reported that they stopped all opioids [and] 45.2% (n=228) reported some lower of their opioid utilization. … The bulk (65.3%, n=299) reported that they sustained the opioid change for over a 12 months. … We imagine our outcomes lend additional help that medical hashish supplied in a standardized protocol can result in decreased ache and opioid utilization, improved operate, and high quality of life measures, and even full cessation of opioids in sufferers with persistent ache handled by opioids.”
  • “This research seeks to guage affected person expertise with prescribed medical hashish obtained via licensed dispensaries in ladies with gynecologic malignancies. A 43-item survey exploring affected person expertise with medical hashish was administered to ladies with gynecologic malignancies who used medical hashish prescribed by a gynecologic oncologist. … Of the subset of sufferers utilizing medical hashish for ache, 63% reported a discount in opioid use. … Medical hashish was effectively tolerated and should have the potential to enhance neuropathic ache and reduce opioid use.”
  • “Sufferers with persistent ache, licensed to make use of MC [medical cannabis] in Israel reported weekly common ache depth (major final result) and associated signs earlier than and at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months following MC remedy initiation. … At one 12 months, common ache depth declined from baseline by 20 p.c. All different parameters improved by 10 to 30 p.c. A major lower of 42 p.c from baseline in morphine equal each day dosage of opioids was additionally noticed.”
  • “[We] evaluated the impression of frequent hashish use on injection cessation and injection relapse amongst individuals who inject medication (PWID). … [W]e discovered that at-least-daily hashish use was related to an elevated fee of injection cessation, and this impact was restricted to the cessation of opioid injection. We didn’t observe a big affiliation between at-least-daily hashish use and injection relapse. … To our data, that is the primary longitudinal research to determine a constructive affiliation between hashish use and cessation of injection drug use.”
  • “This evaluate discovered a a lot greater discount in opioid dosage, diminished emergency room visits, and hospital admissions for persistent non-cancer ache by MC [medical cannabis] customers, in comparison with folks with no further use of MC. There was 64–75% discount in opioid dosage for MC customers and full stoppage of opioid use for persistent non-cancer ache by 32–59.3% of MC customers, when in comparison with sufferers with out further use of MC. … Given the present opioid epidemic within the USA and medical hashish’s acknowledged analgesic properties, MC might function a viable possibility to realize opioid dosage discount in managing non-cancer persistent ache.”
  • “The goal of this research was to guage the short-term and long-term results of plant-based medical hashish (MC) on outcomes of curiosity associated to ache, high quality of life, tolerability, and opioid remedy use in a big cohort of persistent ache sufferers utilizing medical hashish over the course of 1 12 months. … Medical hashish remedy was related to enhancements in ache severity and interference. … In sufferers who reported opioid remedy use at baseline, there have been vital reductions in oral morphine equal doses. … Taken collectively, the outcomes of this research add to the cumulative proof in help of plant-based MC as a secure and efficient remedy possibility and potential opioid substitute or augmentation remedy for the administration of persistent ache symptomatology and high quality of life.”
  • “On this research, we noticed an affiliation between state-level legalization of medical hashish and opioid prescribing by orthopedic surgeons within the Medicare Half D cohort. We discovered that general opioid prescribing by orthopedic surgeons on this cohort was diminished in states allowing affected person entry to medical hashish, in contrast with those that don’t. … On examination of prescription knowledge of various opioid courses, we discovered that prescriptions for hydrocodone, essentially the most generally prescribed opioid remedy, by orthopedic surgeons had a statistically vital adverse affiliation with state MCLs.”
  • “We examined the affiliation between the legalization of leisure marijuana and prescription opioid distribution in Colorado. Utah and Maryland, two states that had not legalized leisure marijuana, had been chosen for comparability. … There was a bigger discount from 2012 to 2017 in Colorado (-31.5%) than the opposite states. Colorado had a considerably better lower in codeine and oxymorphone than the comparability states.”
  • A group of investigators affiliated with the John Hopkins Faculty of Drugs assessed whether or not or not hashish availability would hypothetically affect ache sufferers demand for prescription opioids. 100 and fifty-five topics with current expertise utilizing each opioids and hashish for ache administration participated within the survey. Authors reported, “[O]ur demand analyses suggests the supply of hashish decreased opioid consumption (depth) and elevated the diploma to which opioid consumption was influenced by opioid value (elasticity).” They concluded, “These outcomes recommend hashish might confer an opioid-sparing impact on this inhabitants.”
  • “Our research discovered that the addition of MMJ (medical marijuana) to [cancer pain] sufferers’ palliative care routine withstood the event of tolerance and diminished the speed of opioid use, over a considerably longer follow-up interval than sufferers solely using opioids. … MMJ(+) improved oncology sufferers’ ESAS scores [a measurement of pain, nausea, and anxiety) despite opioid dose reductions and should be considered a viable adjuvant therapy for palliative management.”
  • “This matched cohort study included patients who were admitted with a traumatic injury. … There were 66 patients included: 33 cases and 33 matched controls. Dronabinol [oral synthetic THC] was initiated 55 hours from admission. Circumstances and controls had been effectively matched. Circumstances had a big discount in opioid consumption with adjunctive dronabinol whereas opioid consumption was unchanged for controls. This resulted in a ninefold better discount in opioid consumption for instances versus controls. … The addition of dronabinol resulted in diminished opioid consumption, … suggesting a helpful opioid-sparing impact of dronabinol in acutely painful situations. … As a result of our research confirmed that the opioid-sparing impact of dronabinol could also be biggest in sufferers who use marijuana, use of dronabinol adjunctively might profit practically half of [Colorado’s] inhabitants.”
  • “The proof reported right here presents essentially the most correct image of the impact of hashish entry legal guidelines on prescription opioid use thus far and might due to this fact inform the continued state and nationwide debates over the legality of hashish in addition to different coverage choices to fight the opioid epidemic. Our evaluation of a complete nationwide database on a various set of measures of opioid use gives an estimate of the general web impression of hashish legal guidelines. … Typically, we discover proof that each RCLs (leisure hashish legal guidelines) and MCLs (medical hashish legal guidelines) lower opioid prescribing. … Thus, the proof offered right here means that hashish entry legal guidelines could possibly be a great tool in combatting the prescription opioid epidemic. Whereas our knowledge don’t enable us to check this potential mechanism explicitly, our outcomes are according to a substitution of hashish for prescription opioids within the remedy of ache.”
  • “We aimed to analyze the longitudinal affiliation between frequency of hashish use and illicit opioid use amongst individuals who use medication (PWUD) experiencing persistent ache. … We noticed an impartial adverse affiliation between frequent hashish use and frequent illicit opioid use amongst PWUD with persistent ache. … We discovered that individuals who used hashish each day had about 50% decrease odds of utilizing illicit opioids each day in comparison with hashish non-users.”
  • “Outcomes present proof that MMLs could also be efficient at lowering opioid reliance as survey respondents residing in states with medical hashish laws are a lot much less apt to report utilizing opioid analgesics than folks residing in states with out such legal guidelines.”
  • “An preliminary pattern of 131 sufferers was recruited from a non-public ache administration middle’s investigative inhabitants. Ninety-seven sufferers accomplished the 8-week research. The first inclusion standards included sufferers between 30 and 65 years outdated with persistent ache who’ve been on opioids for a minimum of 1 12 months. Information had been collected at three totally different time factors: baseline, 4, and eight weeks. … Over half of persistent ache sufferers (53%) diminished or eradicated their opioids inside 8 weeks after including CBD-rich hemp extract to their regimens. Nearly all CBD customers (94%) reported high quality of life enhancements.”
  • “[S]ubstitution of marijuana for opioids, which included a considerable diploma of opioid discontinuation (~20 p.c), was frequent. Our findings are according to prior surveys of American and Canadian marijuana customers through which substitution of marijuana for opioids was prevalent on account of higher symptom administration and fewer hostile and withdrawal results.”
  • “The target of this research was to find out if the usage of medical hashish impacts the quantity of opioids and benzodiazepines utilized by sufferers each day. … Over the course of this 6-month retrospective research, sufferers utilizing medical hashish for intractable ache skilled a big discount within the variety of MMEs (each day milligram morphine equivalents) obtainable to make use of for ache management.”
  • “Utilizing a dataset of roughly 800,000 urine drug check outcomes collected from ache administration sufferers of a time from of a number of years, creatinine corrected opioid ranges had been evaluated to find out if the presence of the first marijuana marker 11-nor-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) was related to statistical variations in excreted opioid concentrations. Outcomes & conclusion: For every of the opioids investigated (codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, fentanyl and buprenorphine), marijuana use was related to statistically vital decrease urinary opiate ranges than in samples with out indicators of marijuana use.”
  • “We look at the affiliation between opioid prescription patterns in privately insured adults and modifications in state hashish legal guidelines amongst 5 age teams (18–25, 26–35 36–45, 46–55 and 56–64 years). … [I]n states which carried out medical hashish use legal guidelines (however not different classes of hashish liberalization legal guidelines), decrease charges of opioid prescription had been seen within the youthful age cohorts (18–25, 26–35, 36–45 and 46–54 years).”
  • “A ten% pattern of a nationally consultant database of commercially insured inhabitants was used to collect data on opioid use, persistent opioid use, and high-risk opioid use for the years 2006–2014. … In states the place marijuana is offered via medical channels, a modestly decrease fee of opioid and high-risk opioid prescribing was noticed. Coverage makers might take into account medical marijuana legalization as a software that will modestly cut back persistent and high-risk opioid use.”
  • “On this analysis, now we have examined the impact of MML legal guidelines and the presence of lively authorized dispensaries on CDC age-adjusted opioid overdose dying charges through the years 1999-2015. Our outcomes recommend that states with lively authorized dispensaries see a drop in opioid dying charges over time. … Total, this analysis gives proof that states with MMLs may even see a decline in opioid overdose dying charges in the event that they enact authorized dispensaries.”
  • “A retrospective cohort was evaluated to know the sample of care and QOL (high quality of life) outcomes with MC (medical hashish) use throughout rural multidisciplinary practices in New Mexico. … A complete of 133 sufferers had been recognized between Jan 2017 – Could 2017. … Ache rating improved in 80% of sufferers with most cancers and in 75% of non-cancer sufferers. … MC use led to ODR (opioid dose discount) in 41% of all sufferers.”
  • “Analyzing a dataset of over 1.3 billion particular person opioid prescriptions between 2011 and 2017, which had been aggregated to the person provider-year stage, we discover that leisure and medical hashish entry legal guidelines cut back the variety of morphine milligram equivalents prescribed annually by 6.9 and 6.1 p.c, respectively. These legal guidelines additionally cut back the full days provide of opioids prescribed, the full variety of sufferers receiving opioids, and the chance a supplier prescribes any opioids web of any offsetting results.”
  • “[S]tudies exhibit that when sufferers substitute their opioid prescriptions with medical hashish, they discover its ache aid to facet impact profile superior to opioids. Moreover, there was a big discount in opioid-related mortality and morbidity since hashish has change into legally obtainable. … Because the world continues to face the opioid epidemic, analysis into options to opioids for ache aid must be prioritized. There may be vital proof that hashish, and artificial cannabinoid receptor agonists, might present sufferers with a approach to cut back their opioid use. With this in thoughts, there’s a foreseeable way forward for each legalized hashish and artificial cannabinoid receptor agonists to assist mitigate the burden of opioid-based analgesic regimens.”
  • “This research examined whether or not statewide medical hashish legalization was related to discount in opioids obtained by Medicaid enrollees. …For Schedule III opioid prescriptions, medical hashish legalization was related to a 29.6 p.c discount in variety of prescriptions, 29.9 p.c discount in dosage, and 28.8 p.c discount in associated Medicaid spending. … Statewide medical hashish legalization seems to have been related to reductions in each prescriptions and dosages of Schedule III (however not Schedule II) opioids obtained by Medicaid enrollees within the US. … It was estimated that, if all of the states had legalized medical hashish by 2014, Medicaid annual spending on opioid prescriptions could be diminished by 17.8 million {dollars}.”
  • “Utilizing a singular knowledge set of medical hashish dispensaries mixed with county-level mortality knowledge, we estimate the impact of dispensaries working in a county on the variety of overdose deaths. … [W]ithin MCL (medical hashish regulation)-adopting states, counties with dispensaries expertise six p.c to eight p.c fewer opioid-related deaths amongst non-Hispanic white males, whereas mortality on account of heroin overdose declines by greater than ten p.c. … Extrapolating our outcomes implies that, for each 100,000 non-Hispanic white males, 10 fewer opioid-induced fatalities would have occurred between 2009 and 2015 if dispensaries had been current and working in each county inside every MCL state.”
  • “[T]he commonest prescription drugs changed by medicinal hashish on this research had been opiates/opioids in a big proportion inside each ache group, as much as 72.8% of sufferers within the persistent ache as major sickness group. … That is notable given the well-described “opioid-sparing impact” of cannabinoids and rising abundance of literature suggesting that hashish might assist in weaning from these drugs and maybe offering a method of combating the opioid epidemic.”
  • “We discovered no proof to help the priority that leisure marijuana legalization elevated opioid prescriptions obtained by Medicaid enrollees. As an alternative, there was some proof in some mannequin specs that the legalization may be related to discount in Schedule III opioids in states that carried out legalization.”
  • “[T]he use of Trokie® lozenges is related to a self-reported ache discount in persistent, non-cancer ache sufferers. … [T]he proportion of members lowering or discontinuing opiate analgesics was … 84 p.c, just like what has been beforehand present in a research primarily based on affected person self-reports.”
  • Investigators assessed opioid use patterns in a cohort of 573 sufferers registered with Well being Canada to entry medical hashish merchandise. Amongst these sufferers who acknowledged utilizing opioids upon enrollment within the trial, 51 p.c reported ceasing their opiate use inside six-months. “The excessive fee of hashish use for the remedy of persistent ache — and subsequent substitution for opioids — means that hashish might play a harm-reduction position within the ongoing opioid dependence and overdose disaster Whereas the hashish substitution impact for prescribed drugs has been recognized and assessed through cross-sectional and population-level analysis, this research gives a granular individual-level perspective of hashish substitution for prescribed drugs and related enchancment in high quality of life over time.”
  • “This cross-sectional research used a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design evaluating opioid prescribing developments between states that began to implement medical and adult-use marijuana legal guidelines between 2011 and 2016 and the remaining states. This population-based research throughout the US included all Medicaid fee-for-service and managed care enrollees, a high-risk inhabitants for persistent ache, opioid use dysfunction, and opioid overdose. … State implementation of medical marijuana legal guidelines was related to a 5.88% decrease fee of opioid prescribing. Furthermore, the implementation of adult-use marijuana legal guidelines, which all occurred in states with present medical marijuana legal guidelines, was related to a 6.38% decrease fee of opioid prescribing. … [T]he additional reductions in opioid prescribing related to the newly carried out adult-use marijuana legal guidelines recommend that there have been people past the attain of medical marijuana legal guidelines who can also profit from utilizing marijuana in lieu of opioids. Our discovering that the decrease opioid prescribing charges related to adult-use marijuana legal guidelines had been pronounced in Schedule II opioids, additional recommend that reaching these people might have better potential to cut back the hostile penalties, resembling opioid use dysfunction and overdose.”
  • “Between August 1 – December 31, 2016 a complete of 2290 sufferers had been enrolled in this system underneath the qualifying situation of intractable ache; 45 of those sufferers had been beforehand enrolled in this system underneath a further qualifying situation. This report focuses on the 2245 sufferers who had been licensed for intractable ache and enrolled in this system for the primary time throughout this interval. … A big proportion (58%) of sufferers on different ache drugs once they began taking medical hashish had been capable of cut back their use of those meds based on well being care practitioner survey outcomes. Opioid drugs had been diminished for 38% of sufferers (practically 60% of those diminished a minimum of one opioid by ≥50%), benzodiazepines had been diminished for 3%, and different ache drugs had been diminished for 22%. If solely the 353 sufferers (60.2%, primarily based on remedy checklist in first Affected person Self-Analysis) recognized to be taking opioid drugs at baseline are included, 62.6% (221/353) had been capable of cut back or remove opioid utilization after six months.”
  • “To gauge how efficient medical marijuana was at managing persistent ache and lowering opioid use, researchers surveyed 138 medical marijuana customers with an nameless 20-question survey specializing in how typically they used the marijuana. … When sufferers had been requested in the event that they had been capable of curb their use of different painkillers after beginning medical marijuana, 18 p.c reported lowering their use ‘reasonably,’ 20 p.c ‘extraordinarily’ and 27 p.c ‘fully’.”
  • “We discover pretty sturdy and constant proof utilizing difference-in-differences and occasion research strategies that states offering authorized entry to marijuana via dispensaries cut back deaths on account of opioid overdoses. … We offer complementary proof that dispensary provisions decrease remedy admissions for habit to ache drugs. … In brief, our findings that legally protected and working medical marijuana dispensaries cut back opioid-related harms means that some people could also be substituting in the direction of marijuana, lowering the amount of opioids they devour or forgoing initiation of opiates altogether. … At a minimal, nevertheless, our outcomes recommend a possible neglected constructive impact of medical marijuana legal guidelines that help significant retail gross sales.”
  • “Through the research interval, 2736 sufferers above 65 years of age started hashish remedy and answered the preliminary questionnaire. The imply age was 74.5 ± 7.5 years. The most typical indications for hashish remedy had been ache (66.6%) and most cancers (60.8%). After six months of remedy, 93.7% of the respondents reported enchancment of their situation and the reported ache stage was diminished from a median of 8 on a scale of 0-10 to a median of 4. … After six months, 18.1% stopped utilizing opioid analgesics or diminished their dose. … Hashish use might lower the usage of different prescription medicines, together with opioids.”
  • “We used an interrupted time-series design (2000-2015) to check modifications in stage and slope of month-to-month opioid-related deaths earlier than and after Colorado shops started promoting leisure hashish. … Colorado’s legalization of leisure hashish gross sales and use resulted in a 0.7 deaths monthly discount in opioid-related deaths. This discount represents a reversal of the upward development in opioid-related deaths in Colorado.”
  • College of New Mexico investigators assessed opioid prescription use patterns over a 21-month interval in 37 ache sufferers enrolled within the state’s medicinal hashish program in comparison with 29 non-enrolled sufferers. In comparison with non-users, medical hashish enrollees “had been extra seemingly both to cut back each day opioid prescription dosages between the start and finish of the pattern interval (83.8 p.c versus 44.8 p.c) or to stop filling opioid prescriptions altogether (40.5 p.c versus 3.4 p.c).” Enrollees had been additionally extra prone to report an improved high quality of life. “The clinically and statistically vital proof of an affiliation between MCP enrollment and opioid prescription cessation and reductions and improved high quality of life warrants additional investigations on hashish as a possible different to prescription opioids for treating persistent ache.”
  • “This paper makes use of a singular marijuana dispensary dataset to take advantage of within- and across-state variation in dispensary openings to estimate the impact elevated entry to marijuana has on narcotic-related admissions to remedy amenities and drug-induced mortalities. [It] finds that core-based statistical areas (CBSAs) with dispensary openings expertise a 20 proportion level relative lower in painkiller remedy admissions over the primary two years of dispensary operations … [and] gives suggestive proof that dispensary operations negatively have an effect on drug-induced mortality charges.”
  • “Medical marijuana insurance policies had been considerably related to diminished opioid ache reliever-related hospitalizations however had no associations with marijuana-related hospitalizations. … Medical marijuana legalization was related to 23% (p=0.008) and 13% (p=0.025) reductions in hospitalizations associated to opioid dependence or abuse and OPR overdose, respectively; lagged results had been noticed after coverage implementation.”
  • “[The] evaluate of the present literature suggests states that implement medical hashish insurance policies might cut back prescription opioid remedy related mortality, enhance ache administration, and considerably cut back well being care prices.”
  • Amongst sufferers with a musculoskeletal harm who acknowledged having used hashish to help in recuperating from harm over the previous six months, 90 p.c stated that it was efficient at lowering their ache. Eighty-one p.c stated that the usage of hashish diminished their consumption of opioids. “[I]n the subset of sufferers who used marijuana throughout their restoration, a majority indicated that it helped alleviate signs of ache and diminished their stage of opioid consumption.”
  • “State-specific estimates indicated a discount in opioid positivity for many states after implementation of an operational MML. … Operational MMLs are related to reductions in opioid positivity amongst 21- to 40-year-old fatally injured drivers and should cut back opioid use and overdose.”
  • “The present research assessed the impression of three months of medical marijuana remedy on govt operate, exploring whether or not MMJ sufferers would expertise enchancment in cognitive functioning, maybe associated to major symptom alleviation. … Outcomes recommend that generally, MMJ sufferers skilled some enchancment on measures of govt functioning. … Sufferers additionally indicated average enhancements in medical state, together with diminished sleep disturbance, decreased signs of melancholy, attenuated impulsivity, and constructive modifications in some points of high quality of life. Moreover, sufferers reported a notable lower of their use of typical pharmaceutical brokers from baseline, with opiate use declining greater than 42%.”
  • “Amongst research members, medical hashish use was related to a 64% lower in opioid use (n = 118), decreased quantity and uncomfortable side effects of medicines, and an improved high quality of life (45%). This research means that many CP (persistent ache) sufferers are basically substituting medical hashish for opioids and different drugs for CP remedy, and discovering the profit and facet impact profile of hashish to be better than these different courses of medicines.”
  • “The remedy of persistent ache with medicinal hashish on this open-label, potential cohort resulted in improved ache and practical outcomes, and a big discount in opioid use. … Opioid consumption at follow-up decreased by 44%.”
  • “Utilizing each commonplace differences-in-differences fashions in addition to artificial management fashions, we discover that states allowing medical marijuana dispensaries expertise a relative lower in each opioid addictions and opioid overdose deaths in comparison with states that don’t.”
  • “Examination of the affiliation between medical hashish legal guidelines and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in annually after implementation of the regulation confirmed that such legal guidelines had been related to a decrease fee of overdose mortality that usually strengthened over time.”

Hashish entry is related to reductions in general prescription drug exercise

  • “We performed an nameless, cross-sectional on-line survey in Could 2021 for seven days with grownup Canadian federally-authorized medical hashish sufferers (N = 2697) registered with two world hashish corporations to guage affected person perceptions of Major Care Supplier (PCP) data of medical hashish and communication relating to medical hashish with PCPs, together with PCP authorization of licensure and substitution of hashish for different drugs. … Total, 47.1% of members reported substituting hashish for prescribed drugs or different substances (e.g., alcohol, tobacco/nicotine).”
  • “We use quarterly knowledge for all Medicaid prescriptions from 2011 to 2019 to analyze the impact of state-level RCLs [recreational cannabis laws] on prescription drug utilization. We estimate this impact with a collection of two-way fastened results occasion research fashions. We discover vital reductions within the quantity of prescriptions inside the drug courses that align with the medical indications for ache, melancholy, nervousness, sleep, psychosis, and seizures. Our outcomes recommend substitution away from prescribed drugs and potential price financial savings for state Medicaid applications.”
  • “Information had been collected between October 2014 and October 2020 from sufferers who had been consulting the Canada-wide community of clinics of a medical hashish supplier and who had been keen to reply questionnaires primarily based on their medical standing. The present research included older adults (≥ 65 years) who accomplished questionnaires at consumption and first follow-up visits. … Information included that from 9766 older grownup customers at consumption (imply ± SD age = 73.2 ± 6.8 years, females = 60.0%), amongst whom 4673 (females = 61.4%) returned for follow-up after 90.6 ± 58 days. … Doses of concomitant drugs had been reported to be unchanged by a majority of older adults though 35.6% and 19.9% reported diminished doses of opioids and benzodiazepines, respectively.”
  • “[W]e sought to seize the medically related options of hashish use in a inhabitants of sufferers with orthopedic ache and pair these knowledge with goal measures of ache and prescription drug use. … Medical hashish use was related to medical enhancements in ache, operate, and high quality of life with reductions in prescription drug use; 73% both ceased or decreased opioid consumption and 31% discontinued benzodiazepines. … This work gives a direct relationship between the initiation of hashish remedy and objectively fewer opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions.”
  • “Sufferers with persistent ache, licensed to make use of MC in Israel, reported weekly common ache depth (major final result) and associated signs earlier than and at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months following MC [medical cannabis] remedy initiation.. … 43% of the sufferers who had been utilizing analgesic drugs previous to MC remedy initiation had been not utilizing them. This was true for all courses of analgesic medication together with over-the-counter analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, anticonvulsants and antidepressants. As for opioid use, 24% and 20% of the members who had been utilizing weak or sturdy opioids, respectively, at baseline stopped utilizing them by the point they reached the 12-month follow-up.”

  • “100 and fifty-seven MMJ sufferers accomplished an internet survey relating to their traits and use. … Sixty-five p.c of 157 sufferers reported both a discount or complete discontinuation of a minimum of one prescription or OTC drug. Forty-one sufferers (26% of all surveyed) reported lowering consumption of a minimum of one drug, 72 sufferers (46% of all surveyed) reported discontinuing consumption of a minimum of one drug, and 11 sufferers (7%) reported each a discount and discontinuation of a drug. … This enhances different work, which has equally discovered a discount in the usage of opioids, nonopioid analgesics, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants amongst MMJ sufferers.”
  • “The usage of CaM [cannabis as medicine] as an alternative choice to prescribed drugs is a number one motive amongst … customers … in our pattern. Ache remedy was essentially the most prevalent prescription drug substituted with CaM, adopted by antidepressants and arthritis remedy. … Substitution customers reported substantial lower or cessation of prescription drug use, and a better impact and much better facet impact profile of CaM in comparison with prescribed drugs.”
  • “A pilot RCT of sufferers with stage IV most cancers requiring opioids was performed. Thirty sufferers had been randomized 1:1 to early hashish (EC, n = 15) versus delayed begin hashish (DC, n = 15). … The next proportion of EC sufferers achieved a discount in opioid use and improved ache management. No severe issues of safety had been reported, and sufferers reported excessive satisfaction. … The addition of MC to straightforward oncology care was well-tolerated and should result in improved ache management and decrease opioid necessities.”
  • “On this research, we investigated CNCP [chronic non-cancer pain] parameters in sufferers throughout extended MC [medical cannabis] remedy. … 429, 150, 98, 71, 77 and 82 sufferers reported totally on their MC remedy regimens at six one-month intervals, respectively. … Analgesic remedy consumption charges decreased from 46 to twenty-eight% and good High quality of Life (QoL) charges elevated from 49 to 62%. … These outcomes might make clear the long-term helpful results of MC on CNCP.”
  • “We recruited survey members from seven ache administration clinics in Southern California to study their data, beliefs, and private expertise with CBD merchandise. … A complete of 253 members answered the survey. … Amongst members, 62.0% reported attempting a CBD product [including products containing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)]. The bulk responded that these merchandise have helped their ache (59.0%) and allowed them to cut back their ache drugs (67.6%), together with opioids (53.7%). … Taken collectively, members report some perceived helpful results utilizing CBM [cannabis-based medicines] and CBD merchandise together with the discount of ache remedy.”
  • “In a secondary evaluation from a cross-sectional survey, we examined substitution patterns amongst n = 878 people with fibromyalgia who at the moment used CBD. … The bulk (n = 632, 72.0%) reported substituting CBD merchandise for drugs, mostly NSAIDs (59.0%), opioids (53.3%), gabapentanoids (35.0%), and benzodiazepines (23.1%). Most substituting members reported lowering or stopping use of those ache drugs. … Those that substituted reported bigger enhancements in well being and ache than those that didn’t.”
  • “Utilizing knowledge from Truven Well being MarketScan Business Claims and Encounters Database between 2009 and 2015, we studied the results of medical and leisure marijuana legal guidelines on opioid prescribing in employer‐sponsored medical insurance. We used a variations‐in‐variations (DD) method and located that the implementation of medical marijuana legal guidelines (MMLs) and rec- reational marijuana legal guidelines (RMLs) diminished morphine milligram equivalents per enrollee by 7% and 13%, respectively. The discount related to MMLs was predominately in folks aged 55–64, whereas the discount related to RMLs was largely in folks aged 35–44 and aged 45–54. Our ndings recommend that each MMLs and RMLs have the potential to cut back opioid pre- scribing within the privately insured inhabitants, particularly for the center‐aged inhabitants.”
  • “A validated affected person survey was distributed through Florida medical marijuana social media teams to look at the therapeutic advantages of the hashish plant for medical situations and general well-being. Concurrently, qualitative interviews had been performed to know limitations and facilitators to accessing medical hashish and discover preferences for various kinds and strains, in addition to any sudden uncomfortable side effects. … Members shared many particulars on the substitution of prescription medicines for medical hashish. Members reported that they ceased utilizing a number of prescribed drugs for ache, nervousness, and psychological issues.”
  • “From September 2018 to April 2019, we performed in-depth interviews with 25 folks residing with HIV who use medication in Vancouver, Canada to look at experiences utilizing hashish to handle ache. … Most members reported that utilizing hashish for ache administration helped enhance each day functioning. Some members turned to hashish as a complement or periodic different to prescription and illicit medication (e.g. benzodiazepines, opioids) used to handle ache and associated signs. … Hashish use might result in diminished use of prescription and illicit medication for ache administration amongst some folks residing with HIV who use medication. Our findings add to rising calls for added analysis on the position of hashish in ache administration and hurt discount, and recommend the necessity for concrete efforts to make sure equitable entry to hashish.”
  • “We research a singular case of unintended liberalization of a CBD-based product (gentle hashish) that occurred in Italy in 2017. Utilizing distinctive and high-frequency knowledge on prescription drug gross sales and by exploiting the staggered native availability of the brand new product in every Italian province, we doc a big substitution impact between gentle hashish and anxiolytics, sedatives, opioids, anti-depressants and anti-psychotics. … We discover that the native availability of [low-THC, high CBD] hashish [products] led to a big lower within the variety of distributed bins of anxiolytics by roughly 11.5%, a discount of distributed sedatives by 10% and a discount of distributed anti-psychotics by 4.8%.”
  • “Medical marijuana legal guidelines (MMLs) can impression marijuana and opioid use, however the relationship between MMLs and different medication, resembling prescription stimulants, stays unexamined. … We pooled 2015-2017 Nationwide Survey on Drug Use and Well being knowledge for adults (n = 126 463), and used survey-weighted multinomial logistic regression to estimate odds of past-year (a) medical prescription stimulant use, (b) non-medical prescription stimulant use and (c) non-medical versus medical stimulant use. We stratified by gender, adjusted for sociodemographic traits, and examined the interplay between MML state residence and sexual id. … Medical prescription stimulant use was decrease in MCL states versus non-MCL states for heterosexual males (3.7% versus 4.6%) and ladies (4.2% versus 5.7%). Bisexual males’s medical stimulant use prevalence was 4.2% in MCL states versus 9.9% in non-MCL states: amongst ladies, it was 7.3% versus 8.6%. Amongst bisexual males, non-medical prescription stimulant use was 5.6% in MCL states versus 8.1% in non-MCL states; for bisexual ladies it was 6.0% versus 7.9%. … The ‘spillover’ impact of MCL enactment on the usage of substances in addition to hashish ought to be explicitly examined in future research.”
  • “This retrospective evaluation of MM [low THC/high CBD medical marijuana] remedy kinds masking the preliminary implementation part of Florida’s MM program gives traits and prescription drug utilization data on early registrants who sought remedy with medical hashish. … Although follow-up data was solely obtainable for a fraction of sufferers, follow-up was largely characterised by medical enhancements and reported reductions in some prescription remedy courses. … Specifically, reductions or full cessation of opioid drugs had been reported in addition to reductions of anxiolytics/benzodiazepines and hypnotics/sedatives.”
  • “This research seeks to know whether or not folks substitute between leisure hashish and standard over-the-counter (OTC) sleep drugs. … We measured annually-differenced market shares for sleep aids as a portion of the general OTC remedy market, thus accounting for store-level demand shifts in OTC remedy markets and seasonality, and used the month-to-month modifications in shops’ sleep assist market share to regulate for short-term developments. … For the primary time, we present a statistically vital adverse affiliation between leisure entry to hashish and OTC sleep assist gross sales, suggesting that a minimum of some leisure purchasers are utilizing hashish for therapeutic fairly than leisure functions … [O]ur outcomes point out that sufficient people are switching from OTC sleep aids to leisure hashish that we will determine a statistically vital discount available in the market share progress of OTC sleep aids together with entry to leisure hashish utilizing.”
  • “A retrospective evaluation was carried out on a cohort of 146 medical hashish sufferers who reported benzodiazepine use at initiation of hashish remedy. … After finishing a median 2-month prescription course of medical hashish, 30.1% of sufferers had discontinued benzodiazepines.”
  • “We report outcomes from an ongoing, on-line survey of medical hashish customers with persistent ache nationwide about how hashish impacts ache administration, well being, and ache remedy use. … In keeping with different observational research, roughly 80% reported substituting hashish for conventional ache drugs (53% for opioids, 22% for benzodiazepines), citing fewer uncomfortable side effects and higher symptom administration as their rationale for doing so.”
  • “Findings from this systematic evaluate present that MMLs are related to a modest discount in opioid prescriptions. Particularly, implementation of MMLs (medical marijuana legal guidelines) is related to a 7% discount in opioid prescriptions.”
  • “This longitudinal evaluation of Medicare PartD discovered that prescriptions crammed for all opioids decreased by 2.11 million each day doses per 12 months from a median of 23.08 million each day doses per 12 months when a state instituted any medical hashish regulation. Prescriptions for all opioids decreased by 3.742 million each day doses per 12 months when medical hashish dispensaries opened. … Mixed with beforehand printed research suggesting hashish legal guidelines are related to decrease opioid mortality, these findings additional strengthen arguments in favor of contemplating medical functions of hashish as one software within the coverage arsenal that can be utilized to decrease the hurt of prescription opioids.”
  • “This was a retrospective, mirror-image research that investigated medical hashish’ effectiveness in sufferers affected by persistent ache related to qualifying situations for MC in New York State. … After 3 months remedy, MC improved high quality of life, diminished ache and opioid use, and result in price financial savings. … These outcomes are according to earlier experiences demonstrating MC’s effectiveness in neuropathic ache.”
  • “We performed a practical historic cohort research to measure the impact of enrollment in a state-authorized United States’ Medical Hashish Program (MCP) on scheduled II-V drug prescription patterns. … Our pragmatic preliminary research discovered that enrollment within the NM MCP was related to vital reductions in scheduled II-V prescription drug exercise and related use of typical pharmacies and prescribing suppliers. … 34% of the MCP sufferers stop to exhibit any proof of scheduled drug consumption and a further 36% cut back the variety of prescriptions crammed for scheduled medication by the final 6 months of our pattern interval. … In conclusion, a shift from prescriptions for different scheduled medication to hashish might end in much less frequent interactions with our typical healthcare system, and doubtlessly improved affected person well being.”
  • “Utilizing the variations throughout state MMLs between 1996 and 2014 of Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) this paper estimates the results of MMLs on prescription drug utilization, with a give attention to opioids. I discover that MMLs result in a $2.47 lower in per individual prescribed opioid spending amongst younger adults (ages 18-39) over a 12 months. Most of this lower outcomes from the intensive margin of use and MML states that enable dwelling cultivation expertise even bigger decreases.”
  • “Utilizing quarterly knowledge on all fee-for-service Medicaid prescriptions within the interval 2007-14, we examined the affiliation between these legal guidelines and the common variety of prescriptions crammed by Medicaid beneficiaries. We discovered that the usage of prescribed drugs in fee-for-service Medicaid was decrease in states with medical marijuana legal guidelines than in states with out such legal guidelines in 5 of the 9 broad medical areas we studied. If all states had had a medical marijuana regulation in 2014, we estimated that complete financial savings for fee-for-service Medicaid might have been $1.01 billion.”
  • “Utilizing knowledge on all prescriptions crammed by Medicare Half D enrollees from 2010 to 2013, we discovered that the usage of prescribed drugs for which marijuana might function a medical different fell considerably, as soon as a medical marijuana regulation was carried out. Nationwide general reductions in Medicare program and enrollee spending when states carried out medical marijuana legal guidelines had been estimated to be $165.2 million per 12 months in 2013.”

The adjunctive use of hashish augments the analgesic properties of opioids

  • “This Part II research evaluated analgesia, abuse legal responsibility, and cognitive efficiency of hydromorphone and oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; dronabinol) utilizing a within-subject, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, human laboratory trial. … Analgesia solely improved within the hydromorphone + dronabinol 2.5 mg situation. … These knowledge recommend that dronabinol might improve the analgesic results of a low dose of hydromorphone, indicative of doable opioid-sparing results, however that this impact solely happens inside a slim dose vary past which hyperalgesia, elevated danger for AEs [adverse events], and abuse legal responsibility usually tend to happen.”

  • “On this exploratory CEA (price efficient evaluation) of smoked hashish for neuropathic ache, we discovered augmentation of normal remedy brokers for neuropathic ache with smoked hashish to be cost-effective over the short- and long-term. … Even handed use of medicinal hashish alongside commonplace remedy brokers could also be notably helpful to sufferers with refractory ache and to lively hashish customers.”
  • “The discount of opioid dosing when utilized in mixture with hashish/cannabinoids reduces uncomfortable side effects and permits for simpler cleansing and weaning on account of much less of a tolerance and withdrawal from opiates, and rekindling of opiate analgesia after prior dosages have worn off. Due to the cannabis-opioid synergistic interactions as steered by obtainable knowledge, hashish has been steered as a software within the opioid cleansing and weaning course of. …. Sadly, most persistent ache administration applications have guidelines and “opioid contracts” mandating sufferers to be freed from hashish/cannabinoid use for enrollment and ongoing remedy. Given the abundance of evidence-based medication and analysis on cannabinoid-opioid synergy, these insurance policies appear fairly outdated and ought to be re-evaluated. Sufferers utilizing hashish/cannabinoids might inadvertently be helping their very own detox and weaning from opiates. Persistent ache administration applications ought to harness this potential profit inside their remedy program and use it to their sufferers’ benefit.”
  • “This double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject research decided if hashish enhances the analgesic results of low dose oxycodone utilizing a validated experimental mannequin of ache and its results on abuse legal responsibility. … Though lively hashish and a pair of.5 mg oxycodone alone did not elicit analgesia, mixed they elevated ache threshold and tolerance. … Smoked hashish mixed with an ineffective analgesic dose of oxycodone produced analgesia corresponding to an efficient opioid analgesic dose with out considerably rising hashish’s abuse legal responsibility.”
  • “[T]hese medical and pre-clinical knowledge recommend that analgesic synergy produced by coadministered hashish and opioids could possibly be harnessed to realize clinically related ache aid at doses that might usually be subanalgesic. This technique might have vital impacts on the opioid epidemic, on condition that it might totally forestall two of the hallmarks of opioid misuse: dose escalation and bodily dependence.”
  • “Twenty-one people with persistent ache, on a routine of twice-daily doses of sustained-release morphine or oxycodone had been enrolled within the research and admitted for a 5-day inpatient keep. Members had been requested to inhale vaporized hashish within the night of day 1, 3 times a day on days 2-4, and within the morning of day 5. … The extent of persistent ache was additionally assessed each day. … Ache was considerably decreased after the addition of vaporized hashish. We due to this fact concluded that vaporized hashish augments the analgesic results of opioids with out considerably altering plasma opioid ranges. The mixture might enable for opioid remedy at decrease doses with fewer uncomfortable side effects.”

Sufferers typically use hashish as an alternative choice to different managed substances, together with prescription drugs, alcohol, and tobacco

  • “Members [in the study] had been 93 US navy veterans and members of the Santa Cruz Veterans’ Alliance (SCVA). … Nearly all of members reported that they use hashish as an alternative choice to different licit and illicit substances. … [P]articipants reported a excessive diploma of substitution habits, notably for alcohol. … [N]early half the pattern reported substituting hashish for prescription drugs. … The present research additionally confirms the findings of earlier research which have documented a development in substitution habits, the place hashish is substituted for different medication, which, if related to diminished hurt, could possibly be helpful for general well being.”
  • “The goal of the research was to analyze the traits, security, and effectiveness of medical hashish remedy for fibromyalgia. … Most sufferers ceased, diminished, or a minimum of didn’t change the dosage of their persistent medication for fibromyalgia whereas receiving medical hashish. At six months, 28 out of 126 sufferers (22.2%) stopped or diminished their dosage of opioids, and 24 out of 118 (20.3%) diminished their dosage of benzodiazepines. … Contemplating the low charges of habit and severe hostile results (particularly in comparison with opioids), hashish remedy ought to be thought of to ease the symptom burden amongst these fibromyalgia sufferers who are usually not responding to straightforward care.”
  • “The present research collected narrative details about use of marijuana for medical functions from medical marijuana card holders in Rhode Island. … Of the 25 members on this investigation, … 7 members reported that they had been capable of reduce on their drugs, and 12 reported that they had been capable of fully cease taking different prescription drugs as soon as they began utilizing marijuana for medical functions.”
  • “The target of this research was to find out if the usage of medical hashish impacts the quantity of opioids and benzodiazepines utilized by sufferers each day. … All obtainable each day milligram morphine equivalents (MMEs) and each day diazepam equivalents (DEs) had been calculated at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. … Over the course of this 6-month retrospective research, sufferers utilizing medical hashish for intractable ache might have expe- rienced a big discount within the common MME obtainable for ache management. A non–statistically vital distinction in common benzodiazepine dose was noticed. The outcomes of this research add to the at the moment blended physique of proof suggesting that medical hashish could also be efficient for treating ache.”
  • “A retrospective chart evaluate of 77 sufferers identified with a number of sclerosis taking part in remedy with medical hashish for symptom administration was performed. … Subjective enchancment endorsed by sufferers was intensive, with alleviation of symptomatology seen most in ache (71%), spasticity (43%), and sleep (42%). As well as, 34% of sufferers had been capable of lower and discontinue different drugs together with opioids, stimulants, and benzodiazepines, indicative of symptom enchancment.”
  • “We report outcomes from an ongoing, on-line survey of medical hashish customers with persistent ache nationwide about how hashish impacts ache administration, well being, and ache remedy use. … 1,321 members accomplished the survey. In keeping with different observational research, ~80% reported substituting hashish for conventional ache drugs (53% for opioids, 22% for benzodiazepines), citing fewer uncomfortable side effects and higher symptom administration as their rationale for doing so.”
  • “[T]he goal of this research was to look at the prevalence of hashish for medicinal functions (CMP) use for nervousness signs. … Total, 2032 accomplished responses with a verified person quantity had been collected. Of the full pattern, 888 (43.7%) reported CMP authorization to deal with nervousness signs and accomplished all psychometric screening devices. … Almost half (49%) reported changing a non-psychiatric (53.7%) or psychiatric remedy (46.3%) prescribed to them by their doctor with CMP.”
  • “A 239-question cross-sectional survey was despatched out through electronic mail in January 2017 to collect complete data on hashish use from Canadian medical hashish sufferers registered with a federally approved licensed hashish producer, leading to 2032 full surveys. … Essentially the most generally cited substitution was for prescribed drugs (69.1%; n = 953), adopted by alcohol (44.5%; n = 515), tobacco (31.1%; n = 406), and illicit substances (26.6%; n = 136). … Of the 610 mentions of opioid drugs, members self-reported they stopped utilizing 59.3% fully (100% substitution) (n = 362), and an additional 18.4% diminished their use by 75% (n = 112). … Of the 515 respondents who substituted hashish for alcohol, 30.9% steered they stopped utilizing it fully (100%) (n = 159), and 36.7% reported lowering by a minimum of 75% (n = 189). … Of the 406 members who substituted hashish for tobacco, 50.7% say they stopped utilizing it fully (100% substitution) (n = 206), and 13.8% reported lowering their use by 75% (n = 56).”
  • “A retrospective evaluation was carried out on a cohort of 146 medical hashish sufferers (common age 47 years, 61% feminine, 54% reporting prior use of hashish) who reported benzodiazepine use at initiation of hashish remedy. … After finishing a median 2-month prescription course of medical hashish, 30.1% of sufferers had discontinued benzodiazepines. At a follow-up after two prescriptions, 65 complete sufferers (44.5%) had discontinued benzodiazepines. On the closing follow-up interval after three medical hashish prescription programs, 66 complete sufferers (45.2%) had discontinued benzodiazepine use, displaying a secure cessation fee over a median of 6 months. … Sufferers initiated on medical hashish remedy confirmed vital benzodiazepine discontinuation charges after their first follow-up go to to their medical hashish prescriber, and continued to point out vital discontinuation charges thereafter.”
  • “The analysis group administered temporary onerous copy surveys to 450 adults attending an annual public occasion advocating for hashish regulation reform. … Medical hashish customers reported a better diploma of use of medical hashish and a better diploma of belief in medical hashish in comparison with mainstream healthcare. Compared to pharmaceutical medication, medical hashish customers rated hashish higher on effectiveness, uncomfortable side effects, security, addictiveness, availability, and value. As a result of medical use of hashish, 42% stopped taking a pharmaceutical drug and 38% used much less of a pharmaceutical drug.”
  • “The goal of this research is to characterize the epidemiology of most cancers sufferers receiving medical hashish remedy and describe the security and efficacy of this remedy. … We analyzed the info routinely collected as a part of the remedy program of 2970 most cancers sufferers handled with medical hashish between 2015 and 2017. … A complete of 1013 sufferers responded to the remedy chapter earlier than and through remedy. At consumption these sufferers took collectively 3982 commonly used medication (drugs they take commonly). 35.1% reported a decreased of their medication consumption, primarily within the following households: different analgesics and antipyretics, hypnotics and sedatives, corticosteroids and opioids. Opioids, for instance, was essentially the most prevalent drug consumed by 344 sufferers (33.9%) at consumption, 36% of them stopped taking opioids [and] 9.9% decreased [their] dose.”
  • “31 sufferers had been concerned in an observational cross-over research. The sufferers had been screened, handled with 3 months of Standardized Analgesic Remedy (SAT): 5 mg of oxycodone hydrochloride equal to 4.5 mg oxycodone and a pair of.5 mg naloxone hydrochloride twice a day and duloxetine 30 mg as soon as a day. Following 3 months of those therapies, the sufferers might go for MCT (medical hashish remedy) and had been handled for no less than 6 months. … Nearly all of sufferers elected throughout MCT to lower or discontinue pharmaceutical analgesic consumption.”
  • “We explored patterns of use of cigarette, alcohol, and illicit medication in HIV-infected folks with persistent ache who had been prescribed opioid analgesics. … In multivariate analyses, solely hashish use was considerably related to decrease odds of prescribed opioid analgesic use. Our knowledge recommend that new medical hashish laws may cut back the necessity for opioid analgesics for ache administration, which might assist to deal with hostile occasions related to opioid analgesic use.”
  • “[O]ur outcomes point out that MC (medical hashish) could also be used deliberately to taper off prescription drugs. These findings align with earlier analysis that has reported substitution or different use of hashish for prescription ache drugs dues to issues relating to habit and higher side-effect and symptom administration, in addition to complementary use to assist handle side-effects of prescription remedy.”
  • Amongst sufferers with a musculoskeletal harm who acknowledged having used hashish to help in recuperating from harm over the previous six months, 90 p.c stated that it was efficient at lowering their ache. Eighty-one p.c stated that the usage of hashish diminished their consumption of opioids. “[I]n the subset of sufferers who used marijuana throughout their restoration, a majority indicated that it helped alleviate signs of ache and diminished their stage of opioid consumption.”
  • “[F]indings on hashish substitution impact and the organic mechanisms behind it strongly recommend that hashish might play a job in lowering the general public well being impacts of prescription and non-prescription opioids. … The rising physique of analysis supporting the medical use of hashish as an adjunct or substitute for opioids creates an evidence-based rationale for governments, well being care suppliers, and educational researchers to think about the implementation and evaluation of cannabis-based interventions within the opioid disaster.”
  • An estimated two out of three medical marijuana sufferers substitute hashish instead of opioids, in accordance 2017 survey knowledge compiled by Aclara Analysis, a Chicago-based consulting agency. Particularly, 67 p.c of respondents reported that they ceased their use of opioids after initiating hashish remedy. Twenty-nine p.c of respondents stated that they diminished their use of opioids.
  • “The most important survey on cannabidiol or CBD utilization thus far discovered that ladies had been extra seemingly than males to make use of CBD and as soon as they began utilizing it, had been prone to drop their conventional medication. … Forty-two p.c of the CBD customers stated that they had stopped utilizing conventional drugs like Tylenol ache relievers or prescribed drugs like Vicodin and had switched to utilizing hashish as an alternative.”
  • “Ninety-seven p.c of the pattern ‘strongly agreed/agreed’ that they can lower the quantity of opioids they devour when additionally they use hashish. … As well as, 80% of sufferers reported that hashish by itself was simpler than their opioids. … Supporting the outcomes of earlier analysis, this research can conclude that medical hashish sufferers report efficiently utilizing hashish together with or as an alternative choice to opioid-based ache remedy.”
  • “Amongst respondents that commonly used opioids, over three-quarters (76.7%) indicated that they diminished their use since they began medical hashish. This was considerably ( p < 0.0001) better than the sufferers that diminished their use of antidepressants (37.6%) or alcohol (42.0%). Roughly two-thirds of sufferers decreased their use of anti-anxiety (71.8%), migraine (66.7%), and sleep (65.2%) drugs following medical hashish.”
  • “Findings embrace excessive self-reported use of hashish as an alternative choice to prescribed drugs (63%), notably pharmaceutical opioids (30%), benzodiazepines (16%), and antidepressants (12%). Sufferers additionally reported substituting hashish for alcohol (25%), cigarettes/tobacco (12%), and illicit medication (3%).”
  • “These patient-reported outcomes help prior analysis that people are utilizing hashish as an alternative choice to prescribed drugs, notably, narcotics/opioids, and impartial of whether or not they determine themselves as medical or non-medical customers. That is very true in the event that they undergo from ache, nervousness and melancholy.”
  • “Substituting hashish for a number of of alcohol, illicit medication or prescribed drugs was reported by 87% of respondents, with 80.3% reporting substitution for prescribed drugs, 51.7% for alcohol, and 32.6% for illicit substances. … The discovering that hashish was substituted for all three courses of drugs means that the medical use of hashish might play a hurt discount position within the context of use of those substances, and should have implications for abstinence-based substance use remedy approaches.”
  • “Members had been 367 sufferers recruited from 4 medical hashish dispensaries situated all through Arizona. … Sufferers reported utilizing medical hashish to deal with quite a lot of situations. … [P]atients reported utilizing different drugs much less continuously when utilizing hashish. That is according to findings from different research.”

Persistent ache sufferers are much less prone to abuse medicinal hashish as in comparison with opioids

Persistent ache sufferers are much less prone to change into depressed utilizing medical hashish

Hashish use is related to better charges of opioid use remedy retention and should mitigate opioid-related cravings

  • “CBD has a very good security profile, is effectively tolerated with opioid agonists, and reduces key withdrawal signs. … Easing withdrawal signs with CBD might enhance medical outcomes by preserving sufferers engaged in remedy, facilitating smoother transition to MOUD [medications for opioid use disorder] like buprenorphine or extended-release naltrexone, and serving to with tapering of opioid agonist remedy or opioid analgesics.”
  • “A rising physique of analysis has reported on the potential opioid-sparing results of hashish and cannabinoids, however much less is understood about particular mechanisms. The current analysis examines cannabis-related posts in two giant on-line communities on the Reddit platform (“subreddits”) to check mentions of naturalistic hashish use by individuals self-identifying as actively utilizing opioids versus individuals in restoration. We extracted all posts mentioning cannabis-related key phrases (e.g., “weed”, “hashish”, “marijuana”) from December 2015 via August 2019 from an opioid use subreddit and an opioid restoration subreddit. … Essentially the most frequent phrases from the restoration subreddit referred to time with out utilizing opioids and the potential for utilizing hashish as a ‘remedy.’ … The most typical motivations for utilizing hashish had been to handle opioid withdrawal signs within the restoration subreddit, typically together with anti-anxiety and GI-distress “consolation meds.” … Regardless of limitations in generalizability from pseudonymous on-line posts, this examination of experiences of naturalistic hashish use in relation to opioid use recognized withdrawal symptom administration as a standard motivation.”
  • “Members receiving pharmacological remedy for OUD (n = 2315) had been recruited from community-based habit remedy clinics in Ontario, Canada, and supplied data on past-month hashish use (self-report). Members had been adopted for 3 months with routine urine drug screens so as to assess opioid use throughout remedy. We used logistic regression evaluation to discover (1) the affiliation between any hashish use and opioid use throughout remedy, and (2) amongst cannabis-users, particular hashish use traits related to opioid use. … We discovered that amongst hashish customers, those that use hashish each day are much less prone to have opioid use than individuals who use hashish sometimes. This affiliation was current for each women and men. … Future research ought to additional look at particular traits and patterns of hashish use which may be protecting or problematic in MAT [medication-assisted treatment].”
  • “[W]e discovered that amongst greater than 800 members on OAT [opioid agonist therapy, e.g., methadone and/or naltrexone ) in Vancouver, Canada, use of cannabis was longitudinally associated with a substantially lower risk of being exposed to fentanyl. Given the magnitude of the overdose crisis in the U.S. and Canada and the substantial contributions of fentanyl to the burden of overdose morbidity and mortality, findings from this study support the experimental evaluation of cannabinoids as a potential adjunct therapy to OAT to improve clinical outcomes, particularly to reduce the risk of relapse to illicit opioid use (i.e., fentanyl) and associated risk of overdose and death.”
  • “Two hundred individuals recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk with past month opioid and cannabis use and experience of opioid withdrawal completed the survey. Participants indicated which opioid withdrawal symptoms improved or worsened with cannabis use and indicated the severity of their opioid withdrawal on days with and without cannabis. … 62.5% of 200 participants had used cannabis to treat withdrawal. Participants most frequently indicated that cannabis improved: anxiety, tremors, and trouble sleeping. … These results show that cannabis may improve opioid withdrawal symptoms and that the size of the effect is clinically meaningful.”
  • “To fill the gap between efficacious OUD [opioid use disorder] therapies and the widespread prevalence of misuse, relapse, and overdose, the event of novel, different, or adjunct OUD remedy therapies is very warranted. On this article, we evaluate rising proof that implies that hashish might play a job in ameliorating the impression of OUD. … The proof summarized on this article demonstrates the potential hashish has to ease opioid withdrawal signs, cut back opioid consumption, ameliorate opioid cravings, forestall opioid relapse, enhance OUD remedy retention, and cut back overdose deaths. … The compelling nature of those knowledge and the relative security profile of hashish warrant additional exploration of hashish as an adjunct or different remedy for OUD.”

  • “Many persistent ache sufferers are prescribed opioids at doses exceeding the present Guideline. Tapering the dose could be tough, as sufferers concern a return to a state of overwhelming ache. A number of elements can enhance the chance of success: the affected person’s readiness for change, psychological help, pharmacological help and cautious monitoring. This pilot research addressed these 4 elements. 600 sufferers took half. Every was taking each day opioid doses starting from 90-240 mg morphine equal dose (MED). All indicated they had been ready to cut back their opioid dose. Over a six-month interval, opioid doses had been tapered based on particular person wants, often 10% each 1-2 weeks. … After 6 months, 156 sufferers (26%) had ceased taking opioids. An extra 329 sufferers (55%) had diminished their opioid use by a median of 30%. … Medical hashish supplied pharmacological help all through the tapering course of … [and] was very useful to many sufferers. … The constructive outcomes justify additional investigation.
  • “This exploratory double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial assessed the acute (1 hour, 2 hours, and 24 hours), short-term (3 consecutive days), and protracted (7 days after the final of three consecutive each day administrations) results of CBD administration (400 or 800 mg, as soon as each day for 3 consecutive days) on drug cue–induced craving and nervousness in drug-abstinent people with heroin use dysfunction. … Acute CBD administration, in distinction to placebo, considerably diminished each craving and nervousness induced by the presentation of salient drug cues in contrast with impartial cues. CBD additionally confirmed vital protracted results on these measures 7 days after the ultimate short-term (3-day) CBD publicity. As well as, CBD diminished the drug cue–induced physiological measures of coronary heart fee and salivary cortisol ranges. There have been no vital results on cognition, and there have been no severe hostile results. CBD’s potential to cut back cue-induced craving and nervousness gives a powerful foundation for additional investigation of this phytocannabinoid as a remedy possibility for opioid use dysfunction.”
  • “The proof summarized on this article demonstrates the potential hashish has to ease opioid withdrawal signs, cut back opioid consumption, ameliorate opioid cravings, forestall opioid relapse, enhance OUD remedy retention, and cut back overdose deaths. … Adjunct hashish use alongside present remedy methods might assist to enhance the variety of people partaking in OUD remedy, in addition to enhance remedy retention charges.”
  • “The current research discovered that people initiating OAT (opioid agonist remedy) had been roughly 21% extra prone to be retained in remedy at 6 months in the event that they reported ≥ each day use of hashish. This discovering persevered after adjustment for a spread of confounders, together with high-intensity concurrent use of different substances and related social-structural exposures (e.g. homelessness). … Given the well-known mortality danger discount good thing about sustained engagement in OAT, findings from the current research alongside prior analysis proof help the pressing want for medical analysis to guage the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids as adjunctive remedy to OAT to deal with the escalating opioid-overdose epidemic.”
  • “Vital analysis efforts are nonetheless mandatory to guage totally the event of CBD as a possible remedy for habit problems. So far, the proof seems to a minimum of help a possible helpful remedy for opioid abuse. The truth that sufferers with substance use problems typically current with numerous psychiatric and medical signs which can be diminished by CBD — signs resembling nervousness, temper signs, insomnia, and ache — additionally means that CBD may be helpful for treating opioid-dependent people. At the moment most drugs for opioid abuse instantly goal the endogenous opioid system. CBD might thus provide a novel line of analysis remedy that not directly regulate neural methods modulating opioid-related habits, thus serving to to cut back uncomfortable side effects usually related to present opioid substitution remedy methods.”
  • “Opioid dependent members had been randomized to obtain dronabinol 30mg/d (n=40) or placebo (n=20), underneath double-blind situations, whereas they underwent inpatient cleansing and naltrexone induction. … The severity of opioid withdrawal throughout inpatient part was decrease within the dronabinol group relative to placebo group. … Publish hoc evaluation confirmed that the 32% of members who smoked marijuana commonly in the course of the outpatient part had considerably decrease rankings of insomnia and nervousness and had been extra prone to full the 8-week trial. Dronabinol diminished the severity of opiate withdrawal throughout acute cleansing. … Members who elected to smoke marijuana in the course of the trial had been extra prone to full remedy.”
  • “The current research replicates a earlier shocking discovering that intermittent hashish use is related to improved retention in naltrexone remedy amongst opioid dependent sufferers, whereas each abstinence from hashish and common hashish use throughout naltrexone remedy are related to excessive dropout. … These findings are of curiosity, as a result of they recommend the speculation that average hashish use could also be exerting a helpful pharmacological impact enhancing the tolerability of naltrexone within the early weeks after induction, and that cannabinoid agonists may need promise for enhancing the effectiveness of naltrexone remedy for opioid dependence.”
  • “Intermittent use of nonopiate medication is frequent throughout outpatient remedy for opiate dependence and could also be a good prognostic indicator. This will help a “hurt discount” method versus a strict abstinence-oriented method. Additional analysis is required to determine the optimum therapeutic stance towards different drug use throughout remedy for opiate dependence.”
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